
The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) was fought between the Republicans, who defended Spain's elected Republican government, and the Nationalists, a coalition of conservative, monarchist, and fascist forces led by Francisco Franco. The conflict began after a military uprising against the Republic and quickly became an ideological struggle between democracy, socialism, communism, and fascism. Foreign powers became heavily involved: Germany and Italy supported the Nationalists, while the Soviet Union and volunteers from around the world serving in the International Brigades fought for the Republic. After nearly three years of brutal warfare, the Nationalists emerged victorious in 1939. Franco established a dictatorship that lasted until his death in 1975, ending Spain's democratic institutions for decades. The war claimed hundreds of thousands of lives and is widely regarded as a precursor to the wider ideological conflicts that erupted in the Second World War.